Surah
Juz
The majority of commentators concur that this Surah is from Makkah, and one clear indication is found within the Surah itself with the phrase "Lord of this House" (Rabba hadhal-Bait). Understanding the background of Surah 105, "The Elephant," is crucial for grasping its significance. The Quraysh tribe, scattered throughout the Arabian Peninsula until the time of Qusayy bin Kilab, the Prophet's ﷺ ancestor, gained authority over the Ka'bah in Makkah. Qusayy's wise leadership united the tribe and established Makkah as a city-state, facilitating pilgrimage and trade. Hashim, one of Qusayy's sons, initiated lucrative trade routes, enhancing the Quraysh's wealth and influence. The tribe's prosperity relied on their esteemed position as custodians of the Ka'bah, ensuring safe passage for their caravans. However, the rise of the Sasanian kingdom of Persia threatened trade routes, prompting the Quraysh to establish connections with neighbouring lands. Through trade partnerships, they acquired wealth and knowledge, becoming leaders in Arabia. The invasion of Makkah by Abrahah, aiming to destroy the Ka'bah, posed a grave threat to the Quraysh's status and the sanctity of the Ka'bah. Yet, divine intervention, manifested by birds pelting Abrahah's army with stones, affirmed the Ka'bah's sanctity and bolstered the Quraysh's reputation. The miraculous protection of the Ka'bah reinforced Arab belief in its divine significance and ensured the Quraysh's continued prosperity and influence. It solidified their leadership among Arab tribes and safeguarded trade routes, preserving their economic power. This event underscored the Quraysh's special favour from God, granting them unhindered access throughout Arabia and securing their dominance in the region.
The Prophet Muhammad's ﷺ audience, familiar with the historical significance of the Ka'bah and the Quraysh's privileged position, needed only a gentle reminder. The succinct verses of this Surah directed the Quraysh to reflect on their acknowledgment of the Ka'bah as God's House, untouched by idols. They were urged to recognize that it was through divine providence that their peace, prosperity, and flourishing trade were secured by the sanctity of the Ka'bah. In essence, the Surah invited the Quraysh to worship and serve the One who had bestowed upon them such blessings.
