Surah
Juz
This Surah, containing characteristics of both Makkan and Madinan Surahs, has led to differing opinions among commentators regarding its period of revelation. However, considering its style and themes, it is believed that the first part (v. 1-24) was revealed in the last stage of Prophet ﷺ Muhammad's life in Makkah, shortly before migration, while the remainder (v. 25-78) was revealed during the initial phase of his life in Madinah. Consequently, this Surah exhibits features from both Makkan and Madinan Surahs. According to Ibn Abbas, Mujahid, Qatadah, and other prominent commentators, verse 39 is considered the first verse that grants Muslims permission to wage war. Historical collections and biographies of the Prophet ﷺ affirm that after this permission, actual preparations for war began. The first expedition, known as the Expedition of Waddan or Al-Abwa, was sent to the coast of the Red Sea in Safar 2 A.H.
This Surah is directed towards three groups: the polytheists of Makkah, the wavering Muslims, and the true believers. Polytheists of Makkah: They are warned sternly for persisting in their ignorant beliefs, relying on powerless deities, rejecting the Divine Messenger ﷺ, and persecuting the believers. The Surah emphasises the futility of their polytheistic creed and presents sound arguments in favour of Monotheism (Tawhid) and the Hereafter. Wavering Muslims: Those who embraced Islam but were unwilling to endure hardships are admonished. The Surah challenges their conditional faith, urging them to understand that their wavering attitude cannot protect them from the misfortunes destined by God. True Believers: Addressed in both a general and exclusive manner, they are reminded that the polytheists of Makkah have no right to prevent them from visiting the Holy Mosque or performing Hajj. The Surah questions the Quraysh's authority over the Holy Mosque and highlights its construction by Prophet Abraham for the worship of One God. Muslims are granted permission to fight against the tyranny of the Quraysh, with instructions to establish prayer, pay zakat, and engage in jihad for propagating the Word of God. They are officially named "Muslims" and declared as the heirs to Abraham, chosen as witnesses of the Truth before mankind. In summary, the Surah addresses issues of faith, resistance against tyranny, and the establishment of a just and righteous way of life for the believers.
